Possible Applications of Fuel Cell Systems for Seagoing Vessels

Possible Applications of Fuel Cell Systems for Seagoing Vessels Dr.-Ing. Gerd Würsig 2007-09-13 Overview • Introduction • Fuel for Fuel Cell Systems • Types of Fuel Cell Systems (FC-Systems) • Reasons for the application of FC-Systems • FC-Systems for ships • Basic considerations • ZEMSHIP boat for Hamburg • Projects in Europe ICST-Congress 2007 2007-09-13 No. 2 1 Limited Fossil Energy Resources ICST-Congress 2007 2007-09-13 No. 3 Limited Fossil Energy Resources crude oil prices ICST-Congress 2007 2007-09-13 No. 4 2 Fuels for FC-Systems of Vessels • Hydrogen –H2, LNG-CH4 • Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): Propan-C3H8, Butane-C4H10 • Methanol – CH3OH, Ethanol – C2H5OH • Diesel-Fuel • If S > 0,2% it is not applicable for FC-Systems ICST-Congress 2007 2007-09-13 No. 5 Diesel-Fuel on the right track to become a fuel for FC-Systems • EU Directive 2005/33/EC • SECAs: 1,5 % S m/m; Baltic Sea from 11th of August 2006 on, Noth Sea from 11th of August 2007 on • Passenger Vessels in Europe: 1,5 % S m/m; from 1st of August 2006 • S-Content of ship fuel for inland waterway- and seagoing vessels in harbor: 0,1 % S m/m, from 1st of January 2010 on • California: Emission limits for auxiliary systems and diesel electric systems for seagoing vessels: Harbor and coastal waters (24 sm) • 0,5 % S m/m from January 2007 on • 0,1 % Sm/m from January 2010 on ICST-Congress 2007 2007-09-13 No. 6 3 Physical Properties of Hydrogen and Methane Hydrogen Methan: : H2 CH4 Mol Mass [kg/kmol] 2,02 16,04 Lower Heating value [MJ/kg] 120,00 47,60 Gas Density at 1 bar abs, 0°C 0,09 0,72 Boiling Temperature [K] at 1 20,28 111,65 bar abs Liquid Density at 1 bar abs 70,80 422,05 Heat of Vaporization [kJ/(kg 445,43 510,24 K] at 1 bar abs Critical Temperature [K] 32,94 190,77 Critical Pressure [bar abs] 12,84 46,26 ICST-Congress 2007 2007-09-13 No. 7 Gas as Ship Fuel • Starting in 2008/2009: methane can be used as fuel world wide • IMO is working on an approving code for gas as ship fuel • Currently gas is not approved as a ship fuel (SOLAS) • Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) will be established as a ship fuel • Increasing availability of LNG • Available in increasing number of countries • Low carbon content of LNG contributes to CO2 emission reduction • CO2 certificates starting in 2012 for ships and airplanes • High bunker costs promote the use of methane as a fuel • New market opportunities for maritime industry ICST-Congress 2007 2007-09-13 No. 8 4 Examples for Gas as Ship Fuel • LNG Tanker with gas engine • Offshore Supply Vessels • Small Ferries ICST-Congress 2007 2007-09-13 No. 9 Beneficial developments for FCs • short on oil high prices • Big investments are profitable • Increasing relevance of high efficiency even at partial load • Means of CO2 reduction • Low carbon fuels in shipping • Gas oil will be „FC suitable“ due to environmental regulations ICST-Congress 2007 2007-09-13 No. 10 5 The 4 Types of Fuel Cells ICST-Congress 2007 2007-09-13 No. 11 Principle of a maritime FC-System (Example: PEM with Reformer) other consumers exhaust air gas excess air ~ Excess H2 fresh gas Condenser Condenser water H2 O H2O burner burner AC / DC heat fuel Reformer H2, CO2 Reformer and Shifter and Shifter Saturator wet Saturator PEM wet air Saturator Saturator Filter Filter ambient CO CO CO2 CO2 H2, CO2 air, NaCl air cooler jacket sea water outlet Cooler 1 Cooler 2 fresh water supply Fuel Fuel MDO (bis 0,2%S), sea water Methanol, Ethanol, LPG, LNG, (H2) ICST-Congress 2007 2007-09-13 No. 12 6 Why Fuel Cell Systems? • High efficiency, even increasing at part load • No or very low emissions • Low noise emission • Very low exhaust and thermal signature ICST-Congress 2007 2007-09-13 No. 13 Emissions from Ships are a “Coastline Problem” to a Large Extend Traffic density density (1996) Global ship traffic Low Medium High Extra high 70% of all emissions occur within a distance up to 400 km to the coasline Source: “Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships”: MEPC44; 2000-03-06; MARINTEK; CMU; DNV, ECON ICST-Congress 2007 2007-09-13 No.